Fully OA journals output shrank in 2023, but hybrid OA made up the lost ground

In 2023, OASPA members saw a 4% growth in open access publications, a significant slowdown compared to previous years. Fully OA journals, which accounted for 75% of articles, experienced a decline, while hybrid OA journals grew by 22%. CC BY licenses remain dominant, comprising 82% of fully OA and 60% of hybrid OA articles. The OA publishing market is highly consolidated, with the top five publishers accounting for 70% of total output. MDPI, Elsevier, and Springer Nature remain the largest contributors to OA publishing.

Open Access Articles Published by OASPA Members; Sources: OASPA publisher survey, OpenAlex, Delta Think analysis.